EBIT vs. EBITDA vs. Net Income: Valuation Metrics and Multiples Video Tutorial

Video Table of Contents:

2:15: The Six Main Differences

3:43: Example Calculations for EBIT and EBITDA

7:21: Availability of Money

8:17: OpEx vs. CapEx

9:35: Rent or Operating Lease Expense

11:26: Interest, Taxes, and Non-Core Activities

12:05: Valuation Multiples

13:00: Usefulness of the Metrics

14:46: Operating Lease Details

16:39: The Annoying Interview Question

17:31: Recap and Summary

Interview questions about EBIT vs EBITDA vs Net Income are some of the most common ones in investment banking interviews.

Some of the most common interview questions related to these metrics include:

“Is EBIT or EBITDA better? What about Net Income? How are they different?

Which one(s) should you use in valuation multiples when analyzing companies?”

At a high level, EBIT, EBITDA, and Net Income all measure a company’s profitability, but the definition of “profitability” varies a lot.

EBIT (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes) is a proxy for core, recurring business profitability, before the impact of capital structure and taxes.

EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization) is a proxy for core, recurring business cash flow from operations, before the impact of capital structure and taxes.

And Net Income represents profit after taxes, the impact of capital structure (interest), AND non-core business activities.

So, they all represent profitability or cash flow in some way, but their exact calculations and meaning differ quite a bit.

EBIT vs EBITDA vs Net Income: The 6 Key Differences

We’d summarize the key differences between these metrics as follows:

1) To Whom is the Money Available? – Equity Investors? Debt Investors? The Government? All three? Just one?

2) Operating Expenses (OpEx) vs. Capital Expenditures (CapEx) – Some metrics deduct both, some deduct neither, and some deduct one, or part of one.

3) Rent/Lease Expense – Some metrics deduct the full lease expense; others deduct only part of it, and U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS creates complications (accounting changed in 2019!).

4) Interest, Taxes, and Non-Core Business Activities – Some metrics deduct (or add) all of these, while others ignore them.

5) Valuation Multiples – Some metrics pair with Enterprise Value (TEV), while others pair with Equity Value (Eq Val).

6) Usefulness – Sometimes, you want to reflect CapEx, and sometimes you want to ignore it or “normalize” it.

How to Calculate EBIT vs EBITDA vs Net Income

EBIT (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes) is Operating Income on the Income Statement, adjusted for non-recurring charges.

EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, and Depreciation & Amortization) is EBIT, plus D&A, always taken from the Cash Flow Statement.

Net Income is just Net Income from Continuing Operations at the very bottom of the Income Statement (“Net Income to Common” or “Net Income to Parent” sometimes).

Here are example calculations for EBIT vs EBITDA for Target and Best Buy:

Availability of Money

EBIT and EBITDA are available to Equity Investors, Debt Investors, Preferred Stock Investors, and the Government.

This is because no one has been “paid” yet! These metrics are both BEFORE Interest Expense, Taxes, etc., since they start with Operating Income on the Income Statement:

Net Income (to Common) is only available to Equity Investors because the Debt Investors received their Interest, and the Government got its Taxes… but the Equity Investors have not yet received their Common Dividends.

OpEx and CapEx

EBIT deducts OpEx and the after-effects of CapEx (Depreciation), but it does not deduct CapEx directly.

EBITDA deducts OpEx, but no CapEx (both the initial amount and the Depreciation afterward are ignored).

Net Income is similar to EBIT: it deducts OpEx and Depreciation, but not CapEx directly.

So, EBIT and Net Income are more useful if you want to reflect the company’s capital spending.

Rent/Lease Expense

With EBIT under U.S. GAAP, there is a full deduction for Rent. Under IFRS, only the Depreciation element is deducted.

EBITDA under U.S. GAAP is the same: the full Rental Expense is deducted. But under IFRS, nothing is deducted because both the Interest and Depreciation elements are added back or excluded when calculating EBITDA.

Net Income has a full deduction of the entire Rental Expense under both major accounting systems.

If you’re comparing U.S. and non-U.S. companies, you should use EBITDAR to normalize and make a proper comparison:

Interest, Taxes, and Non-Core Activities

EBIT completely ignores or “adds back” Interest, Taxes, and Non-Core Business Income. EBITDA is the same.

But Net Income is the opposite – it deducts Interest and Taxes, adds Non-Core Income, and subtracts Non-Core Expenses.

This difference is one big reason why Net Income is not so useful when comparing different companies – there are too many differences due to capital structure, side businesses, tax treatments, and so on.

Valuation Multiples

Both EBIT and EBITDA pair with Enterprise Value to create the TEV / EBIT and TEV / EBITDA valuation multiples, respectively.

You do have to be careful with Lease-related issues, and EBIT, as traditionally calculated, is no longer valid under IFRS for use in the TEV / EBIT multiple.

Net Income pairs with Equity Value to create the P / E, or Price to Earnings, multiple.

The test is simple: if the metric deducts Interest Expense, pair it with Equity Value. If it does not, pair it with Enterprise Value.

For more, see our detailed guide to Enterprise Value vs. Equity Value.

Here’s a comparison table for these valuation multiples, using representative numbers from an airline company:

What EBIT vs EBITDA vs Net Income Represent

EBIT is often closer to Free Cash Flow (FCF) for a company, defined as Cash Flow from Operations – CapEx, because both EBIT and FCF reflect CapEx in whole or in part (but watch out for Lease issues!).

EBITDA is often closer to Cash Flow from Operations (CFO) because both metrics completely exclude CapEx.

You can see this in the calculations above for Target and Best Buy:

For both companies, EBIT / FCF is around 100%, and EBITDA / Cash Flow from Operations is around 100%.

And Net Income is not great for comparisons or for approximating companies’ cash flows. It’s best as a quick and simple metric for quickly assessing a company’s profitability without doing extra work.

EBIT is best for companies highly dependent on CapEx; EBITDA is better for companies that are less so, or if you want to normalize/ignore CapEx and D&A.

Operating Lease Details

In 2019, the accounting rules changed, and Operating Leases moved onto companies’ Balance Sheets, so you will see both Operating Lease Assets and Operating Lease Liabilities there (for more, see our full tutorial to lease accounting).

But the problem is that Rent is still Rent under U.S. GAAP, but under IFRS, it’s split into “fake” Depreciation and Interest elements.

The company still pays the same amount of Rent, but it has to split it up artificially into Interest and Depreciation.

So, you must be careful to deduct either the entire Rental Expense, or none of it, in these metrics.

If you deduct the entire Rental Expense, do not add Operating Leases to Enterprise Value; vice versa if you exclude or add back the entire Rental Expense.

For example, with EBIT and EBITDA under U.S. GAAP, you should not add Operating Leases to TEV because both of these deduct the full Rental Expense.

But with EBITDA under IFRS, you should add Operating Leases to TEV because EBITDA excludes the full Rental Expense in that system.

This quick comparison table sums up the differences with Operating Leases:

EBIT vs EBITDA vs Net Income: Which Valuation Metric is Best?

This is a stupid question because it assumes that there is a “best” metric.

When valuing companies, you always look at a range of metrics: Revenue, EBIT, EBITDA, Net Income, FCF, etc.

Each one tells you something different, which is why you want to look at more than one – to get the full picture.

With the EBIT vs. EBITDA choice, it depends on how you want to treat CapEx.

To completely ignore it, use EBITDA.

To factor it in, partially, use EBIT. Also, remember that EBIT isn’t valid in valuation multiples under IFRS, so you have to rely more on EBITDA and EBITDAR there.

EBIT vs EBITDA vs Net Income: Final Thoughts

Here’s a comparison table that shows all these differences for these metrics: